Biodiversity’s Invisible Palette

from American Scientist
July-August 2012

Tropical ecologists have a long tradition of tromping through the forest in rubber boots, tracking the fates of individual trees and perhaps scaling some of these 50-meter giants to sample their foliage. But forests—and the conservation issues they face—dwarf even the most ambitious on-the-ground studies. Ecologist Greg Asner, of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Stanford, California, and his team developed the Carnegie Airborne Observatory to scale up the old-school data. The observatory consists of three remote-sensing instruments on board a Dornier 228 airplane. The resulting images of vast tracts of forest, interpreted in light of complementary data collected from individual trees, reveal information about forest ecology, diversity and health. Asner spoke with American Scientist associate editor Elsa Youngsteadt about the project.

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Decoding a Flower’s Message

from American Scientist
July-August 2012

Texas gourd vines unfurl their large, flared blossoms in the dim hours before sunrise. Until they close at noon, their yellow petals and mild, squashy aroma attract bees that gather nectar and shuttle pollen from flower to flower. But “when you advertise [to pollinators], you advertise in an open communication network,” says chemical ecologist Ian Baldwin of the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Germany. “You attract not just the good guys, but you also attract the bad guys.” For a Texas gourd plant (Cucurbita pepo variety texana), striped cucumber beetles (Acalymma vittatum) are among the very bad guys. They chew up pollen and petals, defecate in the flowers and transmit the dreaded bacterial wilt disease, an infection that can reduce an entire plant to a heap of collapsed tissue in mere days.

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In the News: Leaping Labidocera!

from American Scientist
July-August 2012

When threatened by fish, some marine plankton leap through the air to safety. Researchers studied this previously undocumented behavior in two species of copepods (tiny crustaceans) that swim near the ocean’s surface. Although breaking the surface tension is a drag for such tiny animals, it pays off in low air resistance and long leaps. Also in this issue’s news roundup: Efficient quantum LEDs and prehistoric Hawaiian fisheries.

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Insect Escape Artists

Book review in American Scientist
May-June, 2012

How Not to Be Eaten: The Insects Fight Back. Gilbert Waldbauer. xiv + 221 pp. University of California Press, 2012. $27.95.

Rarely does one have reason to compare a moth and a croquet ball, but entomologist Gilbert Waldbauer finds the parallel. In an anecdote in How Not to Be Eaten, he recalls searching for a red-banded ball that rolled into the rough during a game. When he finally located it, he realized it had been in plain sight all along—but with its colorful stripe obscured. By searching for red, he had overlooked his target. The same thing may happen to birds that chase underwing moths (Catocala), Waldbauer writes.

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In the News: Birth of the Little Ice Age

from American Scientist
May-June 2012

Scientists have been uncertain about the specific timing and causes of Europe’s Little Ice Age (LIA), a chilly period that started sometime during the Renaissance and lasted until the mid-19th century. To better document the LIA’s onset, researchers analyzed 94 samples of ancient moss, previously engulfed by ice caps and recently exposed by melting. Their results place the beginning of the LIA between 1275 and 1300, and implicate volcanoes as a trigger. Also in this issue’s news roundup: Exercise alters DNA methylation, and children’s books used to include more pictures of natural environments.

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A Fly’s Imperfect Disguise

from ScienceNOW Daily News
March 21, 2012
The fly on the left is a puzzle. In theory, it should have evolved to look just as wasplike as the one on the right, the better to ward off hungry birds. But many members of the family Syrphidae, to which both flies belong, only vaguely resemble stinging insects.

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Photographs by Steve Marshall; composite borrowed from the ScienceNOW story.

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Why Butterflies Sleep Together

from ScienceNOW Daily News
March 20, 2012

When it’s time to settle in for the night, red postman butterflies (Heliconius erato) often roost in groups of four or five. To figure out why, researchers hung several thousand fake versions of the insects around the forest in Panama and Costa Rica.

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The Other Honey

from American Scientist
March-April 2012

In rural Ghana, stingless bees are well known as useful animals. Farmers raid natural hives to collect honey, which they use to treat ailments from eye infections to asthma. Many say the bees improve crop yields, and people refer to different species by their indigenous monikers. (The tifuie, for instance, is named after its tendency to get caught in people’s hair.) Despite farmers’ familiarity with these small bees, however, “they had no idea that they could bring them home and culture them and keep them,” says entomologist Peter Kwapong.

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In the News: Teaching, Not Technology

from American Scientist
March-April 2012

Population growth and devastating droughts have left thousands of Ethiopian pastoralists in poverty and hunger. But community groups that help people learn literacy, business skills and microfinance–rather than new technologies–made participants more resilient and hopeful even after a severe drought. Also in this issue’s news roundup: how humming birds flap, and a gas cloud headed for the Milky Way’s own black hole.

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3-D Vision for Tiny Eyes

from ScienceNOW Daily News
January 27, 2012

With their keen vision and deadly-accurate pounce, jumping spiders are the cats of the invertebrate world. For decades, scientists have puzzled over how the spiders’ miniature nervous systems manage such sophisticated perception and hunting behavior. A new study of Adanson’s jumping spider (Hasarius adansoni) fills in one key ingredient: an unusual form of depth perception.

Read on to find out why the spiders miss their target in red light.
Cross-posted on Wired Science
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